烟草黑胫病菌(Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae)生理小种鉴定技术研究

在1980-1986年,对烟草黑胫病菌生理小种鉴定技术和方法进行了研究和探讨。结果表明,Nicotiana ncsophil(?),Burley21;Burley37;N.stocktonii是理想的鉴别寄主:整株接种方法优于其他的接种方法;接种物浓度以控制在相同的水平(10~3 ml)为宜。为减小生物测定的差异,所有菌系应一次完成测定。     

Age-related resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is associated with the transition to flowering in Arabidopsis and is effective against Peronospora parasitica

As plants mature it has been observed that some become more resistant to normally virulent pathogens. The ability to manifest the Age-Related Resistance (ARR) response in Arabidopsis to Pseudomonas syringae pathovars tomato (Pst) coincided with the transition to flowering in plants both delayed and accelerated in the transition to flowering. ARR was also associated with a change in PR-1 gene expression, such that young plants expressed PR-1 abundantly at 3 days post inoculation (dpi) while mature plants expressed much less. The Arabidopsis ARR response requires SA accumulation via isochorismate synthase (ICS1) [24]. ICS1 was expressed one dpi with virulent and avirulent Pst in both young and mature plants. The ARR response was also effective versus avirulent Pst providing an additional 4-fold limitation in bacterial growth. Arabidopsis ARR was found to be ineffective against two necrotrophs, Erwinia carotovora subspecies carotovora (bacterium) and Botrytis cinerea (fungus) and one obligate biotroph, Erysiphe cichoracearum (fungus). However, mature wild type, SA-deficient sid2 and NahG plants supported little growth of the obligate biotrophic oomycete, Peronospora parasitica. Therefore ARR to P. parasitica appears to be SA-independent, however the level of ARR resistance was somewhat reduced in these mutants in some experiments. Thus, there may be numerous defence pathways that contribute to adult plant resistance in Arabidopsis.     

Seasonal patterns of dispersal of ascospores of Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight)

Infected barks of chestnut blight cankers, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica , were collected from a naturally infected orchard and incubated at different temperatures. Cankers started to discharge ascospores about a week after incubation at 15–25°C; most ascospores were collected at 20 and 25°C. When incubated at 5, 10 or 30°C, only a few cankers released a small number of ascospores and only during the later stages of incubation. However, the rate of formation of perithecia was not affected by the incubation temperature. The number of airborne ascospores was monitored using a volumetric spore trap in a chestnut orchard during 1996 and 1997. In both years, the number of ascospores trapped daily varied greatly, but in general it increased sharply from March onwards, reached a peak in May, and then declined steeply. There was a significant correlation between daily counts of ascospores and air temperature. Time-series transfer function (TF) analysis showed a positive association of the daily number of ascospores with increasing temperature, rain events and wet/humid conditions. In general, values predicted by the TF model agreed well with the observed pattern. However, a multiple regression equation based on TF analysis failed to provide a satisfactory prediction of the daily number of ascospores.     

栗疫病菌表型特征的遗传分析

 本文对栗疫病菌的菌落形态、α-酯酶、β-酯酶及营养体亲和性(VC)特征进行了遗传分析。对有性后代的38个单子囊孢子菌株的研究结果显示:亲本菌株366与68的菌落形态、β-酯酶中(采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法)相对迁移率为2.17和2.33的2条酶带的遗传分别由1个位点上的2个等位基因控制;α-酯酶中相对迁移为2.54与2.772条酶带的遗传由相互连锁的2个基因位点控制;α-酯酶与β-酯酶间存在完全连锁关系;菌株366与68之间至少存在4个VC基因差异。     

竹织叶野螟Algedonia coclesalis Walker越冬幼虫的真菌病

粉质拟青霉Paecilomyces farinosus (Dicks.ex.Fr.)Brown et Smith是竹织叶野螟越冬幼虫的重要病原菌,林间自然发病率为23.08％～42.84％。用5.5×10~6/ml孢子悬液感染越冬幼虫,死亡率达91.7％。在24～26℃下,病程约10～14d。林间罹病虫尸上,可见粉质拟青霉被寄生黑孢壳Melanospora parasitica Tulasne寄生。本文还从病原菌的生理性质及侵染环境的角度,讨论了疾病的流行条件和病原菌利用的前景。     

栗疫菌弱毒力特征的传递及其影响因素

栗疫菌 (Cryphonectriaparasitica)弱毒力 (hypovirulence)的本质是菌体中含有一种弱毒性病毒 (cryphonectriahypovirulenceviruses ,CHV)dsRNA(Choietal,1992 ;Morrisetal,1979)。栗疫菌的弱毒力菌株 (H菌株 )一般都具有将强毒力 (virulent)菌株 (V菌株 )转化为弱毒力菌株的能     

锥栗对栗疫病的抗性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶的关系

健康的锥栗(Castanea henryi)皮层中,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)比活力与抗感病性之间不相关.不同抗病性的锥栗品种接种栗疫菌(Cryphonectria parastttca)后,PAL比活力均上升,接种144 h后,PAL比活力抗病性强的品种比抗病性弱的品种高.接种前以及接种后的各个时间内,木质素含量都是抗病品种比感病品种高.绿原酸的含量与品种的抗病性之间不呈规律性的相关,从绿原酸对栗疫菌菌丝生长影响的测定结果可知,锥栗体内的绿原酸浓度不足以影响栗疫菌.可见,接种后的皮层PAL比活力以及接种前、后的皮层木质素含量可作为衡量锥栗抗病性强弱的指标.     

G418抗性筛选标记在板栗疫病菌中的应用

板栗疫病菌一低毒病毒系统．是一个优良的研究植物病原真菌致病和病毒一宿主相互作用分子机制的模型。随着研究的深入，原有的苯菌灵和潮霉素两个遗传转化筛选标记已不能满足研究需要。文章报道构建一个由构巢曲trpC启动子驱动的G418抗性Neo基因盒，并成功应用于板栗疫病菌的遗传转化研究。     

黑胫病菌诱导的烟草SSH文库构建及其分析

黑胫病是危害严重的世界性烟草主要病害之一,探究烟草对黑胫病的抗病机制,可以为该病的综合防治提供理论依据。本研究以烟草黑胫病抗性品种革新3号为材料,利用黑胫病0号生理小种诱导其水平抗性,分别在接种后0.5、1、3、6、10和16 d取样,通过抑制差减杂交技术(SSH)构建cDNA文库,获得了960个阳性克隆。利用反向Northern斑点杂交技术对其中240个阳性克隆进行杂交筛选,筛选出57个表达差异明显的基因,序列拼接后获得33条高质量EST,测序及其比对分析表明,革新3号对烟草黑胫病抗性相关基因主要涉及抗病防卫、光合作用、信号传导和能量代谢等方面。进一步基因功能分析显示,病程相关PR1b蛋白、半胱氨酸蛋白、延伸因子1-α、α-微管蛋白、细胞色素P450、精胺合成酶、水通道蛋白、过氧化物酶体膜蛋白、甘氨酸延伸因子等可能参与了烟草与黑胫病菌非亲和互作过程。     

一种昆虫病原真菌寄生菌的调查和鉴定

寄生在白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana),粉质拟青霉(Paecilomyces farinosus)等昆虫病原真菌上的寄生黑孢壳(Melanos pora parasitica)在世界上早有报导,并分布在很多国家。在我国尚无人报导。本文介绍北京地区见到的该菌的形态、鉴定、分离方法以及野外的调查情况。